The medicinal uses of some ferns and pteridophytes of india have also been described in some of the recent studies caius, 1935. Pteridophytes ferns and fern allies the plant list. The opening of the mature sexual reproductive organs and the subsequent. Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length.
A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that disperses spores. As they produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are referred to as cryptogams. Classify the following characteristics to describe the three types of. Glime introduction a general lack of commercial value, small size, and inconspicuous place in the ecosystem have made the bryophytes appear to be of no use to most people. Pteridophyte definition of pteridophyte by merriamwebster. Pteridophytes biology encyclopedia plant, body, different.
What are euphylls and how did they most likely evolve. Even today, many tribal communities and rural populations are dependent heavily upon the natural resources obtained from the surrounding forest regions for treatment of various ailments and diseases. It is not accepted by most of the authors since in many pteridophytes there is stele without leaf gaps but having pith in the centre. As in seed plants, the greatest diversity of pteridophytes is found in the tropics, with only about six hundred species adapted for life in temperate climates. A concept based exclusive material pteridophytes, gymnosperms. Pteridophytes are mostly terrestrial sometimes growing in the moist and shady regions. Seed plants include the angiosperms, the conifers, and a smaller assortment of other plants. The pteridophytes ferns and fern allies pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves known as fronds, roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Schmidt recognized the two principal types of steles in pteridophytes. Bryophytes are a group of plant species that reproduce via spores rather than flowers or seeds.
Pteridophytes may represent the closest living relatives sister group to the seed plants. Look at the reproductive mechanisms in bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms summary types of reproduction asexual vegetative reproduction haploid spores n are produced in the sporophyte 2n by meiosis only one parent or individual is required and there are three types of asexual reproduction. In this research three new species of ferns of the polypodiales order are described. May 20, 2018 types of stele and its evolution in pteridophytes. Chapter 22 bryophytes university of california, davis.
The sporophyte generation and the gametophyte generation are observed in pteridophytes. It gives rise to diploid sporophyte, which however contains twice the number of paired chromosomes. According to the older botanists, the vascular bundle is the fundamental unit in the vascular system of pteridophytes and higher plants. O based on the position and distribution of phloem, two types of siphonostles reported among pteridophytes are a ectophloic siphonostele and b amphiphloic siphonostele. A centrarch protoxylem in the center of a metaxylem cylinder haplostele is prevalent in. Recall that the subdivision pteropsida includes 3 classes, only class felicinae ferns are. The life cycle of bryophytes is like all the other land plants embryophytes with alternation of generations. Structure and function of vascular plant cells and tissues chs. Characteristics of pteridophytes, morphology of pteridophytes, reproduction of pteridophytes, homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes, megaspore and microspores, gametophytes of pteridophytes, fertilization, zygote and embryo of pteridophytes, life cycle. A haploid gametophyte cell contains a fixed number of unpaired chromosomes. Useful notes on the classification of pteridophytes. Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores. It is a nonmedullated stele consisting of a central core of xylem, surrounded by a band of phloem. Sporophyte diploid generation is attached to and dependent on the gametophyte for the entire life cycle.
Types of stelar systems and its evolution in pteridophytes and higher plants with ppt. Vascular plants have a fundamental unity of structure. A textbook of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and paleobotany name. There are five types of protostele in pteridophytes they are 1. Apospory and apogamy occur in bryophytes, pteridophytes, and angiosperms, whereas parthenogenesis occurs in ferns and angiosperms. This means that their leaves originated from the emergences of the stem surface, and therefore are more similar to moss leaves than any other leaves of pteridophytes and seed plants. This chapter considers them as three lineages table 22. What are the different types of steles in plants pteridophytes and higher plants.
Bryophytes do not form a monophyletic group, because vascular plants are descended from them. Classify the following characteristics to describe the three types of pteridophytes. Classify the following characteristics to describe. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. However, the pteridophytes differ from mosses and seed plants in that both generations are independent and freeliving. Bryophytes plants without well developed vascular systems. The best of the compendium on medicinal uses of 61 different ferns and fernallies of western ghats has been prepared by benjamin and manickam, 2007. Ferns, horsetails often treated as ferns, and lycophytes clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts are all pteridophytes.
There are mainly three types of steles in pteridophytes. Bryophyta characteristics, life cycle and examples of. On the basis of their anatomy jeffrey in 1902 divided the vascular plants into two types or stocks. Life cycle patterns well take a look at the basics of life cycles. Firstly all the botanists divided the plant kingdom into two large groups cryptogamia and phanerogamia, linnaeus 1754 used the term cryptogams for the first time for those plants which did not possess visible sex organs.
Read the introductory remarks and list of characteristics of the bryophytes p. The printed version, however, was effectively published on 6 june 20. In this lesson, well discover the characteristics, classification, and life cycle of the group pteridophyta, which includes plant species like ferns and horsetails. Thus, these characteristics make them horticulturally important plants. Pteridophyta is the most highly evolved group among the cryptogams. Pteridophytes are conventionally divided into four major groups, psilotatae, lycopodiatae lycophytes or club mosses, equisetatae. The sexuality of pteridophytic gametophytes can be classified as follows.
Classification of pteridophytes for a long time the division pteridophyta includedthe ferns, lycopods and horsetails. We present a revised classification for extant ferns, with emphasis on ordinal and familial ranks, and a synop sis of included. There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet salvinia molesta and mosquito ferns azolla species. Download objective type questions of pteridophyta pdf visit our pdf store. Name the three major categories of steles in vascular plants. Bryophytes are nonvascular, so they do not have the right types of tissues to develop roots, stems, or leaves. However, stone age people living in what is now germany once collected the moss neckera crispa g. Ctenitis leonii is characterized by its apical stipe scales marginally erose to ciliate, blade surfaces with two types of hairs present in. The innhabitants of dry land are selaginella rupestris, selaginella lepidophylla, equisetum arvens etc. Megaphylls are the large leaves that some pteridophytes have. They have leaves, roots, stem and sometimes trunks also. Economic importance of pteridophytes,several ferns such as angiopteris, asplenium, marattia, microsorium, nephrolepis, phymatodes, etc. Mosses are familiar to everyone as a green mat in shady, moist places or lining the cracks in rocks and walls fig.
Features, classification, reproduction with examples. Most bryophytes are found in damp environments and consist of three types of nonvascular land plants. Most vascular plants continue growing throughout their lives 1. These pteridophytes possess true fibrovascular system, true roots and leaves and fall naturally into three distinct classes ferns or filicales, horsetails or equisetaceae and lycopods or lycopodiaceae schaffner, 1906.
Pteridophytes general characters ppt general characteristics, life cycle and reproduction of pteridophytes ppt what are pteridophytes. Similar to the life cycle of seed plants, the pteridophytes also involves the alternation of generations in its life cycle. Pteridophytes, also known as vascular cryptogams and ferns and fern allies, comprise about 12 000 species of vascular plants that do not produce. And among the first of the plants to truly live on land were the pteridophytes. Pteridophyta mcq multiple choice question and answer pteridophyta mcq with detailed explanation for interview, entrance and competitive exams.
Pteridophyta objective type questions pdf download. Characteristics of pteridophytes, morphology of pteridophytes, reproduction of pteridophytes, homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes, megaspore and microspores, gametophytes of pteridophytes, fertilization, zygote and embryo of. Pteridophytes or pteridophyta, in the broad interpretation of the term, are vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce and disperse via spores. Pteridophyte definition is any of a division pteridophyta of vascular plants such as a fern that have roots, stems, and leaves but lack flowers or seeds. Pteridophytes general characters and life cycle of ferns email. There are other plant movements which take place spontaneously, without any external stimuli. Bryophyte definition, characteristics, life cycle and examples. Ferns can be used to illustrate the life cycle stages common to all pteridophytes. Pteridophytes are the most advanced seedless group. This pdf version does not have an isbn or issn and is not therefore effectively published melbourne code, art. Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.
Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as cryptogams, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Pteridophytes shows large variation in the form, size and habit. The movement of higher plants are chiefly in the form of bending, twisting, and elongation of certain plant parts or organs. These ferns, in biological terms, are nothing but the pteridophytes, belonging to the. There are two main categories of form and structure, one category comprises of megaphyllous types, in which the leaves are large in relation to the stem e. Parthenogenesis is the formation of a 1 n embryo directly from an unfertilized egg. Characteristics of pteridophytes, morphology of pteridophytes, reproduction of pteridophytes, homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes, megaspore and microspores, gametophytes of pteridophytes, fertilization, zygote and embryo of pteridophytes, life cycle and alternation of generation. In addition to these living groups, several groups of pteridophytes are now.
The following points highlight the three classes of pteridophytes. The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated than that of algae. Lycopodiopsida, or lycophytes have at least four genera and more than 1,200 species. Some of the species belonging to this division have small leaves called as the microphylls. Three new species of ferns pteridophyta from mesoamerica.
When you think of forests and woods, you can picture trees, abundant lush green ferns, and other plants. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns pdf. As per the new format of question papers, three types of questions essay type, short answer type and objective type questions have been added. A textbook of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and paleobotany name author. Pdf on feb 26, 2003, george yatskievych and others published pteridophytes ferns find, read. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. It is speculated that life began in the oceans, and through millions of years of evolution, life slowly adapted on to dry land. The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte in bryophytes, while in pteridophytes both. A seed is defined as a mature ovule that contains an embryo, with stored. Types of stele and its evolution in pteridophytes youtube. Bryophyta characteristics, life cycle and examples of bryophyta. They play an important role in plant succession on bare rockssoil.
Well look at fungus zygotic life cycle, algae, moss, fern, flowering plant including asexual sporic life cycles 1. Pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves known as fronds, roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Among ferns, the homosporous ferns the largest group have three special. We will not focus on gametic life cycles as these are primarily for animals bio 1b with john. A centrarch protoxylem in the center of a metaxylem cylinder haplostele is prevalent in members of the rhyniophyte grade, such as rhynia. Van tieghem and douliot 1886 interpreted the plant body of vascular plant in the different way. They usually occur in damp, humid and shaded localities. Apogamy is more common in pteridophytes, but apospory is more common in. But trust me the first thing that you notice is the abundant foliage of fern plants. These ferns, in biological terms, are nothing but the pteridophytes, belonging to the division pteridophyta of the plant kingdom. Firstly, pteridophytes are the vascular plants plants having xylem and phloem that reproduces via spores.
Lycophytes belong to microphyllous lineage of pteridohytes. In a few species such as selaginella and equisetum, the sporophylls form. Bryophyte definition, characteristics, life cycle and. The innhabitants of dry land are selaginella rupestris, selaginella lepidophylla, equisetum arvens etc pteridophytes shows large variation in the form, size and habit.